FOB

Sugars are widely used in various industries due to their functional properties, such as sweetness, fermentation ability, preservative qualities, and more. Here are the different forms of sugars used across industries: 1. Sucrose (Table Sugar) Sources: Sugar cane, sugar beets. Applications: Used extensively in food and beverage industries for sweetening, baking, and confectionery products. 2. Glucose Forms: Dextrose (glucose monohydrate), glucose syrup (corn syrup). Sources: Hydrolysis of starch (corn, wheat, potatoes). Applications: Used in food products as a sweetener, in pharmaceuticals as a carrier for active ingredients, and in fermentation industries for ethanol production. 3. Fructose Forms: High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), crystalline fructose. Sources: Fruits, honey, and hydrolysis of inulin. Applications: Sweetener in beverages, baked goods, and processed foods. High sweetness and good solubility make it a popular choice. 4. Lactose Source: Milk. Applications: Used ...

  Glycoproteins Structure: Glycoproteins are proteins that have carbohydrate groups covalently attached to the polypeptide chain. The carbohydrate moieties are typically oligosaccharides and can be attached via N-glycosidic or O-glycosidic bonds. N-glycosylation: The carbohydrate is attached to the nitrogen atom of an asparagine side chain. O-glycosylation: The carbohydrate is attached to the oxygen atom of serine or threonine side chains. Functions: Cell-Cell Recognition and Signaling: Glycoproteins on the cell surface are crucial for cell-cell interactions, communication, and signaling processes. They help cells recognize each other and communicate through signaling pathways. Immune Response: Glycoproteins play a significant role in the immune system. They are involved in the recognition of pathogens and the activation of immune responses. Protein Folding and Stability: The carbohydrate moiety helps in proper folding of proteins and can increase their stability and solubility....

Blood Group Substances Occurrence : Blood group substances are glycoproteins and glycolipids found on the surface of red blood cells, epithelial cells, and other tissues. Structure : They consist of oligosaccharides attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids). The terminal sugars determine the blood group: Type A : N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is added to the H antigen. Type B : Galactose (Gal) is added to the H antigen. Type AB : Both GalNAc and Gal are present. Type O : No additional sugar is added to the H antigen. Functions : These substances determine blood group compatibility in transfusions and play roles in cell recognition and immune responses. They are also involved in various physiological processes, such as microbial adhesion and signaling pathways. Sialic Acids Occurrence : Sialic acids are a family of acidic monosaccharides found at the outermost position of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids in animal tissues, especially in the brain and ep...

Heteroglycans, also known as heteropolysaccharides, are complex carbohydrates composed of different types of monosaccharides. They play crucial roles in various biological functions and are found in a variety of organisms. Here’s an overview of their occurrence, structure, and functions, focusing on bacterial cell wall polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, agar, alginic acid, pectins, amino sugars, and deoxy sugars: 1. Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides Occurrence : Found in the cell walls of bacteria. Structure : Consist of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) in peptidoglycan. Functions : Provide structural support, maintain cell shape, protect against osmotic pressure, and play a role in cell division. 2. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Occurrence : Found in animal tissues, particularly in connective tissues. Structure : Long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units, typically containing an amino sugar (such as glucosamine...

Homoglycans, also known as homopolysaccharides, are polysaccharides that consist of only one type of monosaccharide unit. Here's an overview of the occurrence, structure, and functions of some common homoglycans: starch, glycogen, cellulose, dextrin, inulin, and chitins. Starch Occurrence: Found primarily in plants, especially in seeds, tubers, and roots. Structure: Composed of two types of glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose: Linear or slightly branched chains of α-D-glucose units linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin: Highly branched chains with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds in the linear segments and α(1→6) glycosidic bonds at the branch points. Functions: Serves as the primary energy storage carbohydrate in plants. Provides energy for growth and metabolic activities. Glycogen Occurrence: Found in animals, particularly in liver and muscle tissues. Structure: Similar to amylopectin but more highly branched. Composed of α-D-glucose units with α(1→4) glycosidic ...